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Javascript cheat sheet

Javascript log buffer

If console.log(buf) prints something like <Buffer 7b 22 65 76 65 6e...,
use console.log("%s", buf) or console.log(buf.toString()).

For JSON data, I prefer the format of:

console.log("Received ", JSON.parse(myData));

to

console.log("Received %s", JSON.parse(myData));

because of the pretty colors, and because more of the nested types are displayed.

Javascript append to array

Append with push
Get FIFO element with shift
Get FILO element with pop

Javascript gotcha, creating a date at seconds since epoch

Do not use Date(seconds * 1000) it is very different from new Date(seconds * 1000)

Javascript function return is consistent between arrow and explicit functions

Somehow I got it in my head that arrow function return behavior was different
from explicit function return behavior. I thought one exited the outer scope,
but that is incorrect. Observe:

function fn(callback) {  
  callback();  
}  

function main() {  
  fn(() => {  
    return;  
  });  
  console.log("You will see me");  

  fn(function() {  
    return  
  });  
  console.log("You will also see me")  
}  

main()

Negative index

Use at:

['a', 'b', 'c'].at(-1) // => 'c'

for loop

If I need an index:

const x = ['a', 'b', 'c'];  
for (let i = 0; i < x.length; i++) {  
    console.log(x[i]);  
}

If I don’t need an index:

const x = ['a', 'b', 'c'];  
for (const y of x) {  
    console.log(y);  
}

Serialize object to json

Use JSON.stringify, the javascript equivalent of python’s json.dumps.

Javascript filter syntax

[1,2,3].filter(x => x >= 2)

Short for:

[1,2,3].filter((x) => x >= 2);

The sugary form of the arrow function only works if the closure takes a single
argument.

Javascript gotcha, empty array are different references

[] == []  // false  
[] === [] // false

For comparison with an empty array, use [].length.
If using a jest matcher, use toEqual([]) for an empty array.

Javascript truthiness reference

!![]  // => true  
!!{}  // => true  
!!''  // => true  
!!' ' // => false  
!!1   // => true  
!!null      // => false  
!!undefined // => false

Javscript gotcha, adding arrays

[1] + [2] // => '12'

Use this instead

[1].concat([2]) // => [1,2]

Or, for array union

const x = [1, 2];  
const y = [2, 3];  
const z = new Set([...x, ...y]);  
[...z] // => [1,2,3]

How to match on a regex

"hello".match(/^he/)

How to get slices of an array

The equivalent of python’s x[1:] is x.slice(1)

How methods and getters are defined on classes

class C {  
    myMethod() {  
        return 1;  
    }  

    get myGetter() {  
        return 2;  
    }  
}  

const c = new C()  
c.myMethod() // => 1  
c.myGetter   // => 2

In ES6, methods are defined by only their name, e.g. there is no additional func or def syntax to match on.
This makes it hard to distinguish callsite from definition when grepping a code base.

How to define private methods and properties

Use the pound sign. For example:

class C {  
    #myPrivateMethod() {  
        return 1;  
    }  
}  

const c = new C()  
c.myPrivateMethod() // => Uncaught TypeError: c.myPrivateMethod is not a function

How to define classes with instance variables

class C {  
    constructor(x) {  
        this.x = x;  
    }  
}

Javascript multiline string

If at the zero indent level, or whitespace padding unimportant:

const x = `hello  
world`;

If at higher indent level:

const x = "hello\n" +   
          "world"

Javascript gotcha, binding on this

This will bite you if you pass fn pointers:

const x = {  
  y: 1,  
  z: function() { return this.y }  
}  

const fn = x.z  
fn() // undefined!

Can fix it in a couple ways. I think this is most straightforward:

const x = {  
  y: 1,  
  z: function() { return this.y }  
}  
x.z = x.z.bind(x)  

// Later...  
const fn = x.z  
fn() // 1

This is also OK, but I think it’s easy for the caller to forget the bind:

const x = {  
  y: 1,  
  z: function() { return this.y }  
}  

const fn = x.z.bind(x)  
fn() // 1

Javscript gotcha, this context with arrow functions

Careful, this does not work as expected:

const o = new Object();  
o.fn = (x) => {  
  this.fnCalledWith = x  
}  
o.fn("y")  
o.fnCalledWith // undefined!!!

Use this instead:

const o = new Object();  
o.fn = function(x) {  
  this.fnCalledWith = x  
}  
o.fn("y")  
o.fnCalledWith // y

Javascript multiple assignment, destructuring

const [a, b] = [1, 2]  
a // => 1  
b // => 2

Javascript gotcha, buffers do not have value semantics

Buffers are reference types with reference semantics.
Strings are reference types with value semantics.

So while this works as expected:

"x" == "x" // => true

this is a surprise:

Buffer.from('x') == Buffer.from('x') // => false

Use this instead:

Buffer.from('x').equals(Buffer.from('x')) // => true

Or:

Buffer.compare(Buffer.from('x'), Buffer.from('x')) // => 0

Javascript gotcha, hash has reference semantics

const a = {a: 1};
function f(x) {
x[‘b’] = 2;
}
f(a);
a; // => {a: 1, b: 2}

Use this as protection:

const a = {a: 1};
function f(x) {
x = {…x};
x[‘b’] = 2;
}
f(a);
a; // => {a: 1}

Javascript gotcha, create a hash with a variable as key name

This does not do what I expect:

const keyName = "hello";  
let hash = {  
    keyName: "world"  
}

I want:

const keyName = "hello";  
let hash = {  
    [keyName]: "world"  
}

Javascript gotcha, catching errors from callbacks

Try to use async/await where possible instead of callback code.
With async/await, I can have assurances that my try/catch statements will
work without much thought. By contrast, if a callback slips in (which is easy), suddenly I need to think hard about catching errors or the process can crash out.

try {  
  setImmediate(() => {  
    throw new Error();  
  });  
} catch (e) {  
  // catch error.. doesn't work  
}

Example sourced from https://bytearcher.com/articles/why-asynchronous-exceptions-are-uncatchable

Javascript gotcha, boolean object is truthy

if (new Boolean(false)) {  
  console.log("yes, you see me")  
}

Javascript gotcha, use semi-colons

Better to use semi-colons. This throws an exception:

console.log("a")  
(async () => {})()

But this doesn’t

console.log("a");  
(async () => {})()

Because the syntax is ambiguous without the semicolon. It could be interpretted
as console.log('a')(async() => {}), e.g. treating the return of console.log()
as a function

Javascript gotcha, catching async raises

// Throw in an async func. Does the outer try/catch catch the error? No!  
try {  
  (async () => {  
    throw Error("You won't catch me");  
  })();  
}  
catch {  
  console.log("Never seen");  
}

Javascript’s equivalent of __name__ == '__main__'

Specifically for node. CommonJS only. This does not work with mjs:

if (require.main === module) {  
    // run me  
}

For mjs, I use a workaround like:

if (process.env.TESTRUN == "1") {  
    // run me  
}

And run with TESTRUN=1 node myfile.mjs

Get all methods and properties of a variable

In a repl:

Object.getOwnPropertyNames(myVar)  
Object.keys(myVar)

Gotcha, time since epoch

Date.now() returns milliseconds since unix epoch in the target system’s clock, excluding leap seconds

How to sleep

Sleep for 100 ms:

await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 100))

Sugary lambda syntax

These two are the same:

await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 100))  
await new Promise((r) => { setTimeout(r, 100) })

How to use object property shorthand

const x = "hello"  
const y = "world"  
{x, y}  
# => { x: 'hello', y: 'world' }

How to use object method shorthand

const a = {  
    b(c) {  
        return `hello ${c}`  
    }  
}  
a.b("world")  
# => "hello world"

How to import siblings using ESM

Option A:

// a.js  
const xyz = "a"  
export default xyz  

// Use site:  
import a from './a.js'

Option B:

// b.js  
export const b = "b"  

// Use site:  
import { b } from './b.js'

How to use ESM modules in the browser

Contents of index.html

```  
<html>  
  <body>  
    <script type="module">  
      import { greet } from './my-module.js';  
      greet('world');  
    </script>  
  </body>  
</html>  
```

Contents of my-module.js

export function greet(name) {  
  alert(`Hello, ${name}!`);  
}

Serve index.html with python -m http.server 8000 and then browse to localhost:8000

How to export

// In mjs  
export const handler = () => {}  

// In cjs  
const handler = () => {  
}  
module.exports.handler = handler

How to time how long a function takes

This is a quick ballpark. Use a benchmark with large sample if true cost is desired:

import { performance } from 'perf_hooks';  
const t1 = performance.now()  
// myFn()  
const t2 = performance.now()  
console.log(`Execution time: ${(t2 - t1).toFixed(3)} milliseconds`);

Gotcha: careful with x in y

It does not do what I intuitively think it does. For example:

1 in [1,2,3] # => true, but this is misleading  
'a' in ['a', 'b', 'c'] # => false

What I actually want is:

['a', 'b', 'c'].includes('a')

Gotcha: careful with for x in y, for in

Be careful with for x in y construct, x will be the index!
Use for x of y instead.

Gotcha: careful with reference types

var x = Array(2).fill([0])  
x[0][0] += 1  
x  
# => [ [ 1 ], [ 1 ] ]

How to get all keys of a dictionary

Object.keys(mydict)

Get the type of an instance

typeof(myVar)  
console.log(myVar.constructor)  
console.log(myVar.constructor.name)

How to interpolate strings, string interpolation

const x = 'hello'  
console.log(`${x} world`)

How to define functions

function x(y) {  
  console.log(y)  
}  

fn = (y) => {  
  console.log(y)  
}

How to store properties and methods in a vanilla object

var myObj = {  
  someProperty: "hello",  
  someFunction: function() {  
    return this.someProperty + " world"  
  }  
}

How to define and iterate a Map

Gotcha: note the parameter order in the ForEach closure.

const propMap = new Map()  
propMap.set('a', 'foo')  
propMap.set('b', 'bar')  
propMap.forEach((value, key) => {  
  console.log(`${key} -> ${value}`)  
})  

// Prints  
// a -> foo  
// b -> bar

How to define a didSet handler

I was looking for something like swift’s didSet:

var myObj = {  
  set aProperty(newValue) {  
    console.log("changing from " + this._aProperty + " to " + newValue)  
    _aProperty = newValue  
  },  
  _aProperty: "foo"  
}  

myObj.aProperty = "bar"  // Prints "changing from foo to bar"

How to run jsc on MacOS

As of Sonoma 14.2, jsc is at

/System/Library/Frameworks/JavaScriptCore.framework/Versions/A/Helpers/jsc

I symlink it with:

ln -sv /System/Library/Frameworks/JavaScriptCore.framework/Versions/A/Helpers/jsc /usr/local/bin/jsc